Which of the following concepts was developed by the Mayans?

The concept of zero, which was developed by the Mayans, holds great historical significance in mathematics and is one of their notable contributions to the field. The Mayans implemented a sophisticated numerical system that included a symbol for zero, allowing them to perform complex calculations and express large numbers effectively. This innovation paved the way for more advanced mathematical concepts and helped set the foundation for later developments in mathematics not just in Mesoamerica but also influencing the broader world.

In contrast, basic arithmetic, while certainly in practice, does not specifically denote a unique invention attributable solely to the Mayans, as various cultures have independently developed similar systems. The Pythagorean theorem, associated with the Greek mathematician Pythagoras, was formulated in a different cultural and mathematical context, separate from Mayan advancements. Cartography reflects the representation of geographical features, and while the Mayans were skilled in navigating and creating maps, this practice does not equate to the mathematical invention of zero, which is the clear achievement attributed to them.