Which geographical feature greatly influenced the Inca civilization?

The Inca civilization was significantly influenced by the Andes Mountains, which served as both a physical barrier and a source of resources. Stretching along the western coast of South America, the Andes provided the Incas with fertile lands for agriculture in their valleys, where they cultivated a variety of crops, including potatoes, quinoa, and maize. Additionally, the mountains were rich in minerals, which allowed the Incas to develop advanced metalworking techniques and accumulate wealth through mining.

The rugged terrain also facilitated the construction of a vast network of roads and communication systems that connected the expansive empire, enabling the movement of armies, goods, and information across diverse and often challenging landscapes. The geographical challenges posed by the Andes ultimately contributed to the unique cultural developments of the Inca civilization, as they adapted their agricultural practices and social organization to thrive in this mountainous environment.

Other geographical features like the Amazon River did have an influence on surrounding cultures, but the Andes were central to the development and sustainability of the Inca civilization. The Great Plains and Rocky Mountains are located far outside the Inca territory, making them irrelevant to the context of this civilization.