Which civilization is known for advancements in mathematics and astronomy?

The Maya civilization is renowned for its significant advancements in mathematics and astronomy, distinguishing it from other Mesoamerican cultures. The Maya developed a sophisticated numerical system that included the concept of zero, which was a remarkable achievement for its time. Their use of a vigesimal (base-20) numeral system allowed them to perform complex calculations.

In terms of astronomy, the Maya created detailed calendars based on their observations of celestial bodies, particularly the movements of the sun, moon, and planets. They were adept at predicting solar and lunar eclipses, as well as understanding the cyclical nature of celestial events. This astronomical knowledge was intricately tied to their agricultural practices and religious ceremonies.

These advancements were not only practical for daily life but also demonstrated a deep understanding of the universe and its cycles, reflecting the Maya's intellectual and cultural sophistication. This knowledge contrasted significantly with that of the other civilizations listed, which, while also noteworthy in their own rights, did not achieve the same level of detailed astronomical and mathematical understanding as the Maya.