What technological advancement improved Mesoamerican agriculture?

The development of irrigation systems significantly improved Mesoamerican agriculture by enhancing water management, which is crucial for crop growth in a region characterized by variable climate conditions. Irrigation allowed farmers to divert water from rivers or lakes to their fields, ensuring a more consistent supply during dry seasons and extending the cultivation period. This technological advancement enabled the Mesoamericans to sustain larger populations by increasing food production while making more efficient use of available land.

While the use of metal tools, introduction of foreign crops, and adoption of livestock farming are all important aspects of agricultural development, the specific infrastructure provided by irrigation directly addresses the challenges of climate variability and water scarcity which were critical in Mesoamerica. This foundational technology laid the groundwork for more complex societies by supporting larger, more stable communities through effective agricultural practices.