What significant feature did Montezuma II's empire have by the time he took over?

Montezuma II reigned over the Aztec Empire during a historically significant period marked by notable demographic and socio-political developments. By the time he became emperor, the Aztec Empire was indeed characterized by a large population, estimated to be around 25 million people. This immense population was not only a testament to the empire's agricultural productivity but also reflected its complex social structure and urbanization.

The large population allowed for a vast labor force, supporting various sectors such as agriculture, trade, and military service. It fostered a vibrant cultural life and the development of urban centers, including Tenochtitlan, which was one of the largest cities in the world at that time. This demographic context was crucial to maintaining the empire's dominance in Mesoamerica, enabling the Aztecs to exert influence over a vast territory and to support significant economic activities.

While a thriving art scene, a military presence, and trade networks were also features of Montezuma II's reign, the sheer scale of the population played a foundational role in supporting and expanding the empire's infrastructure, cultural initiatives, and military endeavors.